![]() Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (ventricular dysfunction), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Beta-blockers should not be used in individuals with decompensated heart failure Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Hypotension, bronchospasm Bronchospasm Asthma Drugs, fluid retention, and fatigue Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. Hypotension may be mild, serious, or life threatening, depending on the cause. Bradyarrhythmias, hypotension Hypotension Hypotension is defined as low blood pressure, specifically < 90/60 mm Hg, and is most commonly a physiologic response. Pathologic bradyarrhythmia results in reduced cardiac output and hemodynamic instability causing syncope, dizziness, or dyspnea. Bradyarrhythmia can be physiologic, without symptoms or hemodynamic change. ![]() Adverse effects include bradycardia Bradycardia Bradyarrhythmia is a rhythm in which the heart rate is less than 60/min. Sepsis in Children, and ventricular arrhythmias. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia. Atrial Flutter, supraventricular tachycardia Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute for adults. Atrial Fibrillation, atrial flutter Atrial flutter Atrial flutter is a regular supraventricular tachycardia characterized by an atrial heart rate between 240/min and 340/min (typically 300/min), atrioventricular (AV) node conduction block, and a "sawtooth" pattern on an electrocardiogram (ECG). It is caused by rapid, uncontrolled atrial contractions and uncoordinated ventricular responses. ![]() Class 2 antiarrhythmics are used in the management of atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation (AF or Afib) is a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and the most common kind of arrhythmia. Afterload represents the pressure the LV needs to overcome to eject blood into the aorta. Additional effects include decreased cardiac Cardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) contractility, afterload Afterload Afterload is the resistance in the aorta that prevents blood from leaving the heart. Heart: Anatomy activity and increased atrioventricular conduction time and refractory period. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium (heart atrium) and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) to the ventricle (heart ventricle). The outcome is an antiarrhythmic effect, which results from decreased sinoatrial node Sinoatrial node The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. Receptors in cardiac Cardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) tissue. ![]() Receptors and Neurotransmitters of the CNS from binding to the beta-adrenergic receptors Receptors Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers, and of the diffuse projection system in the brain that arises from the locus ceruleus. Sympathomimetic Drugs and norepinephrine Norepinephrine Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. Students: Educators’ Pro Tips for Tough TopicsĬlass 2 antiarrhythmics include beta-blockers, which exert their therapeutic effects by blocking epinephrine Epinephrine The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla.Fundamentals of Nursing: Clinical Skills.
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